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Shaping the future of health together

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Shaping the future of health together

Research methodology


Research overview and objectives

 

Since 2016, Royal Philips has conducted original research to help determine the readiness of countries to address global health challenges and build efficient and effective health systems. In the context of ever-growing pressure on resources and costs, the Future Health Index focuses on the crucial role digital tools and connected care technology can play in delivering more affordable, integrated and sustainable healthcare.


The first Future Health Index, released in 2016, measured perceptions of how healthcare was experienced on both sides of the patient-professional divide. The following year, the research compared perceptions to the reality of health systems in each country that was studied. In 2018, the Future Health Index identified key challenges to the large-scale adoption of value-based healthcare and overall improved access, evaluating where connected care technology could speed up the transformation process. In 2019, the research explored the healthcare experience for both patients and healthcare professionals and how technology was moving us to a new era of healthcare delivery transformation. In 2020, the Future Health Index examined the expectations and experiences of healthcare professionals aged under 40. In 2021, the Future Health Index report considered how healthcare leaders were meeting the continuing demands of the pandemic and what the new reality of healthcare post-crisis might look like. Last year’s report, concentrated on the role of digital tools and connected care technology in meeting the complex needs of healthcare leaders.

 

In 2023, the Future Health Index looks to both healthcare leaders and younger healthcare professionals* – those aged 40 and under – in 14 countries to quantify the experience and expectations of those in different roles and at various stages of their healthcare careers. It focuses on their perception of new care delivery models, which integrate physical and virtual care within and beyond hospital walls.

 

The research for the 2023 Future Health Index was conducted in 14 countries (Australia, Brazil, China**, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa and the United States).

 

* Healthcare leaders are C-suite or senior executive decision makers/influencers working in a hospital, medical practice, imaging center/office-based lab, ambulatory center or urgent care facility. Younger healthcare professionals are defined as those aged between 18 and 40 who have completed their first medical/nursing degree and are working as a healthcare professional in a clinician role (all specializations, except psychiatry/dental care).

 

**Survey data is representative of Mainland China only and does not include Taiwan or Hong Kong.

2023 Report: Taking healthcare everywhere 

 

2023 quantitative survey methodology   

 

In partnership with iResearch Services, a global business and consumer research services organization, a survey was fielded from December 2022 – February 2023 in 14 countries (Australia, Brazil, China**, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa and the United States) in their native language. The survey used a mixed methodology of online and telephone across all countries (as relevant to the needs of each country). 100 healthcare leaders and 100 younger healthcare professionals in each of the 14 countries completed the survey. 

 

The total sample from the survey includes: 
 

  • 1,400 healthcare leaders (defined as C-suite or senior executive decision makers/influencers working in a hospital, medical practice, imaging center/office-based lab, ambulatory center or urgent care facility). 

  • 1,400 younger healthcare professionals (defined as those aged between 18 and 40 who have completed their first medical/nursing degree and are working as a healthcare professional in a clinician role, including all specializations, except psychiatry/dental care)
     

Below is the specific sample size, estimated margin of error* at the 95% confidence level, and interviewing methodology used for each country.

2023 report table

Question localizations  

 

In some instances, certain questions needed to be adjusted slightly for relevance within specific countries. Care was taken to ensure the meaning of the question remained as close to the original, English version, as possible. 

2022 Report: Healthcare hits reset

 

2022 quantitative survey methodology

 

In partnership with iResearch Services, a global business and consumer research services organization, a survey was fielded from December 2021 – February 2022 in 15 countries (Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa and the United States) in their native language. The survey used a mixed methodology of online and telephone across all countries (as relevant to the needs of each country). 200 healthcare leaders in each of the 15 countries completed the survey, except in Indonesia where the total sample was 100.
 
The total sample from the survey includes:
 
• 2,900 healthcare leaders (defined as a C-suite or senior executive working in a hospital, medical practice, imaging center/office-based lab, or urgent care facility who is a final decision maker or has influence in making decisions).
 
Below is the specific sample size, estimated margin of error* at the 95% confidence level, and interviewing methodology used for each country.

general population image 2021

 

Question localizations

 

In some instances, certain questions needed to be adjusted slightly for relevance within specific countries. Care was taken to ensure the meaning of the question remained as close to the original, English version, as possible.

 

2022 qualitative interviews methodology
 
The qualitative portion of the Future Health Index 2022 was conducted by the KJT Group, a market research and consulting firm which specializes in the healthcare industry. To provide context and additional depth to the quantitative data, the survey results were supplemented with findings from a series of 45-minute interviews with healthcare leaders in their native language. These interviews were conducted during the month of March 2022. There were 30 participants, six from each of the following markets: Australia, China, Germany, the Netherlands and the United States.

* Estimated margin of error is the margin of error that would be associated with a sample of this size for the full healthcare leader population in each country. However, this is estimated since robust data is not available on the number of healthcare leaders in each country surveyed.

2021 Report: Healthcare leaders look beyond crises

 

2021 quantitative survey methodology

 

In partnership with iResearch Services, a global business and consumer research services organization, a survey was fielded from December 8, 2020 – February 16, 2021 in 14 countries (Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa and the United States) in their native language. The survey used a mixed methodology of online and telephone across all of the countries (as relevant to the needs of each country) with a sample size of 200 per country. The survey length was approximately 20 minutes.

 

The total sample from the survey includes:

 

• 2,800 healthcare leaders (defined as a C-suite or senior executive working in a hospital, medical practice, imaging center/office-based lab, or urgent care facility who is a final decision maker or has influence in making decisions).

 

Below is the specific sample size, estimated margin of error at the 95% confidence level, and interviewing methodology used for each country.

general population image 2021

Question localizations

 

In some instances, certain questions needed to be adjusted slightly for relevance within specific countries. Care was taken to ensure the meaning of the question remained as close to the original, English version, as possible.

 

2021 qualitative interviews methodology

 

To provide context and key quotes to the quantitative data, the research was supplemented with 30-minute interviews among healthcare leaders in their native language, which was conducted from February 25, 2021 – March 12, 2021. There were 20 participants, four from each of the following markets: China, Germany, India, the Netherlands and the United States. These interviews were conducted in participation with Heart and Mind Strategies.

 

* Estimated margin of error is the margin of error that would be associated with a sample of this size for the full healthcare leader population in each country. However, this is estimated since robust data is not available on the number of healthcare leaders in each country surveyed.

The 2020 Future Health Index: Main Study & Insights Study

 

Now in its fifth year, the Future Health Index 2020 report builds on the findings of the previous reports by examining the expectations and experiences of younger healthcare professionals aged under 40 and how they can be empowered to meet the demands of tomorrow’s healthcare.

 

As the first global survey of its kind, the Future Health Index 2020 report features intriguing insights into the next generation of healthcare professionals, a group that will form most of the healthcare workforce over the next 20 years. The research explores this group’s expectations around technology, training and job satisfaction, and the reality of their experience as healthcare professionals.

The research for the 2020 Future Health Index was conducted in 15 countries (Australia, Brazil, China[2], France, Germany, India, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa and the United States of America).

 

To provide a holistic understanding of the current healthcare systems around the world, the 2020 study combines quantitative surveys and qualitative online focus groups among the following key stakeholders:

 

·         Healthcare professionals in 15 countries (quantitative)

·         Healthcare professionals in 5 countries (qualitative)

 

The research was conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic affecting most of the countries surveyed:

 

  • Survey: November 15 to December 27, 2019
  • Online focus groups: January 10 to January 13, 2020

 

To understand the impact of the pandemic on the needs and expectations of this younger group of healthcare professionals, a survey was conducted among doctors aged under 40 years old, who have completed their first medical degree. The survey was fielded from June 19 to July 30, 2020 in 5 countries (China, France, Germany, Singapore and the United States of America) in their native language. The survey was conducted online and offline (as relevant to the needs of each country) with a sample size of 100 per country. The survey length was approximately 10 minutes. The total sample from the survey included 500 doctors under 40 years old.

 

This Insights survey supplements the findings of the Future Health Index 2020 report, launched in March 2020. Taken together, this body of research offers guidance to today’s healthcare leaders on empowering this next generation of professionals to meet the changing demands of modern healthcare.

 

Future Health Index 2020 – Main Study: Quantitative Survey Methodology

In partnership with SERMO, an independent global market research firm, a survey was fielded from November 15 to December 27, 2019 in 15 countries (Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa and the United States of America) in their native language. The survey was conducted online and offline (as relevant to the needs of each country) with a sample size of 200 per country for healthcare professionals under 40 years old. The exceptions were Singapore and Australia[1], who each had slightly smaller samples. The survey length was approximately 15 minutes.

 

The total sample from the survey includes:

 

  • 2,867 healthcare professionals under the age of 40 years old (defined as all medical staff, including doctors, nurses, surgeons, radiologists, etc.), who have completed their first medical or nursing degree.

 

Below is the specific sample size and interviewing methodology used for each country.

general population image

     

Weighting

 

  • Total Country Weighting:

The 15-country average is an average calculation whereby each country’s sample size was weighted to have the same value, as such ensuring that each country has an equal weight in this total. The same was done for all regional totals, as well as emerging country and developed country total

 

1) Country classifications are according to the International Monetary Fund2

 

  • For the Future Health Index 2020 report, Brazil, China, India, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia and South Africa are considered emerging countries.
  • For the Future Health Index 2020 report, Australia, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore and the US are considered developed countries.

Statistical analysis

 

A statistical analysis was performed to explore the relationship between the type of hospital/practice (in this instance, ‘smart,’ ‘digital’ or ‘analog’) and younger healthcare professionals’ agreement with several questions asked in the Future Health Index 2020 survey. The analysis showed that there is, in fact, a statistical relationship between the type of hospital/practice and certain aspects of their careers.

 

The following survey questions were used for this analysis:

 

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following?

 

  • The reality of my career lives up to the hopes and expectations that I had during my medical education
  • I regularly experience work-related stress
  • I have considered leaving the healthcare profession as a result of work-related stress
  • Advancements in medical technology make me excited about the future of the healthcare profession

 

How satisfied or dissatisfied are you in your work as a healthcare professional?

 

  • In Saudi Arabia shown as “How satisfied or dissatisfied are you in your personal decision to become a healthcare professional?”

 

A chi-square test of independence was performed for the analysis of each of these survey questions. All results showed the relationship between these variables was significant at the p<.001 level.

Question Localizations

 

In some instances, certain questions needed to be adjusted slightly for relevance within specific countries. Care was taken to ensure the meaning of the question remained as close to the original, English version, as possible.

 

Future Health Index 2020 – Main Study: Qualitative Interviews Methodology

 

To provide context to the quantitative data (as described above), the research was supplemented with two waves of online focus groups with doctors. Wave one, conducted from January 10, 2020-January 13, 2020, had 36 participants across the following markets: Brazil, the US, France, Germany and Australia. Wave two, conducted from February 3, 2020-February 6, 2020, had 41 participants across the following markets: Brazil, the US, France, Germany and Australia. Online focus groups were conducted in participation with SERMO, an independent global market research firm.

 

Future Health Index 2020 – Insights Study:

Quantitative Survey Methodology

 

The survey was conducted from June 19 to July 30, 2020 in 5 countries (China, France, Germany, Singapore and the United States of America) in their native language. The survey was conducted online and offline (as relevant to the needs of each country) with a sample size of 100 per country for doctors under 40 years old, who have completed their first medical degree. The survey length was approximately 10 minutes.

 

The total sample from the survey includes:

 

  • 500 doctors under the age of 40 years old who have completed their first medical or nursing degree.

 

Below is the specific sample size and interviewing methodology used for each country.

Senior Women Banner

2020 Qualitative Interviews Methodology

To provide context to the quantitative data (as described above), the research was supplemented with two waves of online focus groups with doctors. Wave one, conducted from January 10, 2020-January 13, 2020, had 36 participants across the following markets: Brazil, the US, France, Germany and Australia. Wave two, conducted from February 3, 2020-February 6, 2020, had 41 participants across the following markets: Brazil, the US, France, Germany and Australia. Online focus groups were conducted in participation with SERMO, an independent global market research firm.

Sources – 2020 Report: The age of opportunity

2019 Report: Transforming healthcare experiences

Survey data

 

In partnership with IPSOS and SERMO, independent global market research firms, the surveys were fielded from March 4 to May 19, 2019 in 15 countries (Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, The Netherlands, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Poland, U.K. and U.S.) in their native language. The survey was conducted online and offline (as relevant to the needs of each market) with a sample size of 1,000 per market for the general population and 200 per market for healthcare professionals [1]. The exceptions were the US and Germany, who each had slightly larger samples of healthcare professionals. For the individuals (general population) audience, the survey is representative of key demographics e.g. age, gender, region, location type (i.e. rural/urban), income/SEL/education and ethnicity (where appropriate to ask).  This was achieved through a mix of balancing [2] and weighting. In Saudi Arabia and Brazil, the survey is nationally representative of the online population. The survey length was approximately 15 minutes for the US, Germany, and the Netherlands, and approximately 10 minutes for the remaining markets. 

 

The total sample from the survey includes:

 

  • 3,194 healthcare professionals (defined as those who work in healthcare as a doctor, surgeon, nurse practitioner, registered nurse, licensed practical nurse or nurse across a variety of specializations)
  • 15,114 individuals (representative of each country’s respective adult population). 

 

At the 95% confidence level, the 15-country total for the general population has a margin of error at +/- 0.8 percentage points and the 15-country total for the healthcare professional population has an estimated margin of error [3]  of +/- 1.7 percentage points.

 

Below is the specific sample size, margin of error at the 95% confidence level, and interviewing methodology used for each market.

[1] For the purposes of this survey, healthcare professionals are defined as those who work in healthcare as a doctor, surgeon, nurse practitioner, registered nurse, licensed practical nurse or nurse across a variety of specializations.

[2] Interlocking quotas were used for age and gender. All other demographics had non-interlocking quotas. 

[3] Estimated Margin of Error is the margin of error that would be associated with a sample of this size for the full healthcare professional population in each country. However, this is estimated since robust data is not available on the number of healthcare professionals and specialty mixes in each country surveyed.

general population image

[4] US healthcare professionals sample: 278 in total; this includes an additional sample of 75 healthcare professionals from large hospitals. Germany: healthcare professionals sample: 281 in total; this includes an additional sample of 75 caregivers and nurses. When comparing Germany or the US to other countries the additional samples are removed to ensure samples are comparable. The additional samples are also removed from the 15-country average and any other regional averages.


The Weighting (General Population only)

 

  • Local Market Weighting:
    For the general population sample, all countries were weighted to be representative of the national population based on census statistics (where available) for key demographics. The weighting was applied to ensure the sample is representative of individuals age 18+ in each country. In Brazil and Saudi Arabia, the sample is representative of the online population in these countries.

 

  • Total Country Weighting:
    The 15-country average is an average calculation with each country’s sample size weighted to have the same value to ensure each country has an equal weight in this total. The same was done for all regional totals. 

Sources – 2019 Report: Transforming healthcare experiences

2018 Report 3: Telehealth: Delivering value across institutional and geographical borders

Survey data

 

For the third report of the Future Health Index in 2018, a variety of third-party sources as well as original research from the 2016 and 2017 Future Health Index data was used. Additionally, data from chapter one of FHI 2018 was also referenced. Please see below for a full list of third-party sources and further details on the survey methodology. 


Furthermore, nine key opinion leaders (KOLs) across the Netherlands, US, Spain, France, South Africa, UK and Germany were interviewed to examine the major barriers to telehealth and provide recommendations as to how elements of healthcare can be improved and drive change.


KOLs were chosen on the basis of their industry expertise in relevant areas, such as telehealth and the general healthcare landscape, and were conducted from March 2018 to September 2018 via telephone or video-chat service (e.g. Skype, etc.).


A list of KOLs interviewed is included below:

  • Volker Amelung, Specialist Professor for International Health Systems Research at the Medical University of Hannover
    Franck Baudino, CEO and founder of French telehealth company H4D
    Rafael Bengoa, co-director of the Institute for Health & Strategy in Bilbao, Spain, and a senior leadership fellow at Harvard University
  • Rachel Binks, consultant nurse for digital and acute care at Airedale Foundation Trust in the UK and clinical lead for the Immedicare telehealth initiative for care homes
  • Dave deBronkart, a former cancer patient and noted advocate of connected care known as ‘e-patient Dave’
  • Rocco Friebel, a former senior analyst at the Health Foundation and Assistant Professor of Health Policy at the London School of Economics
  • Simon Spurr, co-founder of HealthCloud, a South Africa-based digital health group
  • Christoph Wald, chairman of the Department of Radiology at Lahey Hospital & Medical Center and professor of radiology at Tufts University Medical School in the US
  • Leonard Witkamp, director of the KSYOS Telemedical Center in the Netherlands

Sources - 2018 Report 3: Telehealth: Delivering value across institutional and geographical borders

2018 Report 2: Moving data to the heart of health systems - Future Health Index report 2018

Survey data

 

For the second report of the Future Health Index in 2018, a variety of third-party sources as well as original research from the 2016 and 2017 Future Health Index data was used (see survey details below). Additionally, data from chapter one of FHI 2018 was also referenced. A full list of third-party sources, is included below.


Furthermore, 12 key opinion leaders (KOLs) across the Netherlands, US, UK, Australia, Germany, China, Sweden and Estonia were interviewed to provide recommendations and produce tangible guidelines as to how elements of healthcare can be improved and drive change.


KOLs were chosen on the basis of their industry expertise in relevant areas, including connected care technology and the general healthcare landscape, and were conducted from July 20, 2018 to August 9, 2018 via telephone or video-chat service (e.g. Skype, etc.).


A list of KOLs interviewed is included below:

  • Lucien Engelen, Director of the REshape Center in the Netherlands, a department of Radboud University Medical Center
  • Grahame Grieve, Principal at Health Intersections
  • Madis Tiik, former CEO Estonian E-Health Foundation
  • Mahiben Maruthappu, CEO and co-founder of UK-based social care startup Cera
  • Volker Amelung, Specialist Professor for International Health Systems Research at Medical University of Hannover
  • Christiane Grünloh, PhD student at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm
  • Dean Sittig, Prof of Biomedical Informatics at University of Texas Health Science Center
  • John Moore, Director – Customer Lab at Bupa
  • Joris Wakkie, Chief Medical Officer at Aidence
  • Wu Ji, Associate Professor at Tsinghua University, Beijing
  • Bryan Williams, Chair of Medicine at University College London
  • Hawley Montgomery-Downs, Professor at West Virginia University

Sources - 2018 Report 2: Moving data to the heart of health systems

2018 Report 1: Building health systems for better outcomes

Survey data

 

In the first report of the Future Health Index in 2018, we analyzed 45 different metrics and grouped them together in key pillars:

 

1. Value Measure
2. Current State (of Data and Care Delivery)

 

The Value Measure is a new indicator of the value delivered by healthcare systems of developed and developing markets. It combines factors associated with value-based care and access to care, arguably the ultimate goals of modern healthcare. It consists of three parts: 

 

1. Access (i.e. how universal, and affordable, is access to healthcare in the designated market?)

2. Satisfaction (i.e. to what extent do the general population and practitioners in the designated market see the healthcare system as trustworthy, and effective?)

3. Efficiency (i.e. does the system in the given market produce outcomes at an optimum cost?)

 

The second pillar, Current State measures current levels of adoption of key digital enablers:

1. Data (collection and analytics) (including wearables, Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Intelligent Care)

2. Care Delivery (Telehealth and Diagnostic & Treatment Solutions)

 

Each pillar consists of several sub-metrics. Within each pillar, the metrics are normalized to ensure comparability across countries and are scored to fit onto a 0 to 100 scale. Specifically, metrics related to market size are normalized per capita, per hospital bed or per physician in each country. The market size metrics were scored relative to the highest scoring country (with a population over 1,000,000) among the available dataset. For other metrics, including those for the Value Measure and technology infrastructure metrics, scoring is either relative to the highest scoring country (with a population over 1,000,000) among the available dataset, or, based on any optimal baseline number set by global authorities e.g. standards/goals set by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By excluding countries with less than 1,000,000 population, we exclude outliers which may create unrealistic potential to reach 100.

 

A metric which does not follow this pattern of normalization is:
The risk of impoverishment due to surgical care – this metric is reported as a percentage, so it is simply inversed and no further normalization is needed.

In a next step, the scores for each metric are then averaged to calculate each sub-index score and those sub-indices averaged to create each pillar.

The 45 individual metrics analyzed use a combination of third-party data and original research collected via a survey conducted in 2017 and 2018 in partnership with a global market research firm (see survey details below).
 

Sources - 2018 Report 1: Building health systems for better outcomes

2017 Report: Care that delivers

Survey data

 

The survey data was collected January 18, 2017 to March 3, 2017 for 15 of the 16 countries analyzed in 2018 (Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, U.K. and U.S.) in their native language. Survey data for India was collected during February 16 to March 26, 2018 in a manner consistent with the other countries in 2017. The survey had an average length of 25-30 minutes. A combination of online, face-to-face (computer-assisted) and phone (computer-assisted) interviewing was used.  


The total sample from the survey includes:
 

  1. 3,254 healthcare professionals (defined as those who work in healthcare as a doctor, surgeon, nurse practitioner, registered nurse, licensed practical nurse or nurse across a variety of specializations)
  2. 24,654 adults (representative of each country’s respective adult population). Third-party data was sourced from a number of organizations including the World Health Organization, The Commonwealth Fund, and the World Bank. A full list of sources is listed below.


The full 2017 methodology is available in the 2017 report.

2016 Report: The capacity to care

Survey data  

 

The survey data was collected February 24, 2016 to April 8, 2016 in 13 countries (Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Japan, The Netherlands, Singapore, South Africa, Sweden, UAE, U.K. and U.S.) in their native language. The survey had an average length of 25-30 minutes. A combination of online, face-to-face (computer-assisted) and phone (computer-assisted) interviewing was used.

  1. 2,659 healthcare professionals (defined as those who work in healthcare as a doctor, surgeon, nurse practitioner, registered nurse, licensed practical nurse or nurse across a variety of specializations)
  2. 25,355 adult patients (defined as those 18-years-old or older who have visited with a healthcare professional in the last three months)

    The full 2016 methodology is available in the 2016 report.

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